1990
Intel 80386 - (Commonly abbreviated to "386", trademark "Intel386") The successor to the Intel 80286. It was the first Intel processor with 32-bit data and address busses. It can address four gigabytes (2^32 bytes) of memory; however, 16 megabytes is a typical maximum in IBM PCs. The 386 allows multiple application programs to run at the same time (when running under 386-specific operating systems) using “protected mode".
The first IBM compatible to use the 386 was the Compaq 386, before IBM used it in high-end models of their PS/2 series. It is also used in HP's RS series and many others.
It does not require special EMS memory boards to expand MS-DOS memory limits. With the 386, the EMS standard can be simulated in normal extended memory, and many DOS add-ons provide this "Expanded Memory Manager" feature
Hypertext is text displayed on a computer or other electronic device with references (hyperlink) to other text that the reader can immediately access, usually by a mouse click or keypress sequence. Apart from running text, hypertext may contain tables, images and other presentational devices. Hypertext is the underlying concept defining the structure of the world wide web, making it an easy-to-use and flexible format to share information over the internet
The first hypermedia application was the Aspen Movie Map in 1977. In 1980, Tim Berners-Lee created ENQURE, an early hypertext database system somewhat like a Wiki. The early 1980s also saw a number of experimental hypertext and hypermedia programs, many of whose features and terminology were later integrated into the Web. Guide, the first significant hypertext system for personal computers, was developed by Peter J Brown at UKC in 1982. In 1983, a hypermedia authoring tool, Tutor-Tech, designed for Apple II computers, was produced for educators.
In the early 1990s, Berners-Lee, then a scientist at CERN, invented the World Wide Web to meet the demand for simple and immediate information-sharing among physicists working at CERN and different universities or institutes all over the world.
Windows 3.0, an operating environment, is the third major release ofMicrosoft windows, and was released on 22 May 1990. It became the first widely successful version of Windows and a rival to Apple Macintosh and the Commodore Amiga on the GUI front.
The official system requirements for Windows 3.0:
§ 8086/8088 processor or better
§ 384K of free conventional memory (real mode, protected modes require more)
§ Hard disk with 6-7MB of free space
§ CGA/EGA/GA/Hercules/8514a graphics and an appropriate and compatible monitor
§ MS-DOS version 3.1 or higher
This version of Windows was the first to be pre-installed on hard drives by PC-compatible manufacturers. Zenith Data System had previously shipped all of its computers with Windows 1.0 or later 2.x on diskettes but committed early in the development of Windows 3.0 to shipping it pre-installed. Indeed, the Zenith division had pushed Microsoft hard to develop the graphical user interface because of Zenith's direct competition with Apple in the college and university market.
Windows 3.0 was not available as a run-time version, as was the case with its predecessors. A limited-use version of Windows 2.x was often bundled with other applications due to the low market penetration of Windows itself.
The World comes on-line (world.std.com), becoming the first commercial provider of Internet dial-up access.
1991
AMD Introduces the AM386 microprocessor family in March.
began supplying second-source chips for the Intel Corporation, which made themicroprocessor used in IBM personal computers (PCs). The agreement with Intel ended in 1986. In 1991 AMD released the Am386 microprocessor family, a reverse-engineered chip that was compatible with Intel’s next-generation 32-bit 386microprocessor. In October, Intel commences a federal court action for copyright infringement.
An arbitrator subsequently awards AMD full rights to make and sell the
Am386. The Supreme Court of California upholds this decision in 1994.
The Intel's i486SX was a modified Intel 486DX microprocessor with its floating-point unit (FPU) disconnected. All early 486SX chips were actually i486DX chips with a defective FPU. If testing showed that the central processing unit was working but the FPU was defective, the FPU's power and bus connections were destroyed with a laser and the chip was sold cheaper as an SX; if the FPU worked it was sold as a DX. Computer Manufacturers that used these processors include Packard Bell, Compaq and IBM. Back in the early 1990s, common wisdom held that it wasn't advantageous for most users to have a FPU. Thus, many typical household applications already in existence like word processing and email were designed specifically to avoid using floating point operations. When floating point operations needed to be performed they were still performed, but not in hardware; instead the operations were usually facilitated by transparent software emulation.
System 7 (codenamed "Big Bang" and sometimes called Mac OS 7) is a single-user GUI-based operating system for Macintosh computers. It was introduced on May 13, 1991 by Apple computers. It succeeded system 6, and was the main Macintosh operating system until it was succeeded by Mac OS 8 in 1997. Features added with the System 7 release included virtual memory, personal file sharing, Quick Time, Quick Draw 3D, and an improved user interface.
"System 7" is often used generically to refer to all 7.x versions. With the release of version 7.6 in 1997, Apple officially renamed the operating system "Mac OS", a name which had first appeared on System 7.5.1's boot screen. System 7 was developed for Macs that used the Motorola 68000 line of processors, but was ported to the PowerPC after Apple adopted the new processor.
A NeXT computer was used by Berners-Lee as the world's first web server and also to write the first web browser, World Wide Web, in 1990. By Christmas 1990, Berners-Lee had built all the tools necessary for a working Web: the first web browser (which was a web editor as well); the first web server; and the first web pages, which described the project itself. On August 6, 1991, he posted a short summary of the World Wide Web project on the alt.hypertwxt newsgroup. This date also marked the debut of the Web as a publicly available service on the internet. The first photo on the web was uploaded by Berners-Lee in 1992, an image of the CERN house band Les Horribles Cernettes.
1993
Pentium is a registered trademark that is included in the brand names of many of Intel's x86-compatible microprocessers, both single- and multi-core. The name Pentium was derived from the greek pente, meaning 'five', and the Latin ending -ium, a name selected after courts has disallowed trade marking of number-based names like "i586" or "80586" (model numbers cannot always be trademarked). Following Intel's previous series of 8086, 80186, 80286, 80386, and 808486 microprocessors, Intel's fifth-generation microarchitecture, the P5, was first released under the Pentium brand on March 22, 1993
The P5 microarchitecture was designed by the same Santa Clara team which designed the 386 and 486. Design work started in 1989; the team decided to use a superscalar architecture, with on-chip cache, floating-point, and branch prediction. The preliminary design was first successfully simulated in 1990, followed by the laying-out of the design. By this time the team had several dozen engineers. The design was taped out, or transferred to silicon, in April 1992, at which point beta-testing began. By mid-1992, the P5 team had 200 engineers. Intel at first planned to demonstrate the P5 in June 1992 at the trade show PC Expo, and to formally announce the processor in September 1992, but design problems forced the demo to be cancelled, and the official introduction of the chip was delayed until the spring of 1993.
By the early 1990s, engineers were able to digitalize video signals, making them much more efficient in disc space. Because this new format could hold 83 minutes of audio and video, releasing movies on compact discs finally became a reality. The extra 9 minutes over a regular CD playing time was obtained by sacrificing the error correction (it was believed that minor errors in the datastream would go un-noticed by the viewer). This format was named Video CD or VCD.
VCD enjoyed a brief period of success, with a few major feature films being released in the format (usually as a 2 disc set). However, the introduction of the CD-R disc and the associated recorders, stopped the release of feature films in their tracks because the VCD format had no means of preventing unauthorised (and perfect) copies being made.
Doom (typeset as DOOM in official documents) is a landmark 1993 first person shooter video game by id software. It is widely recognized for having popularized the first person shooter genre, pioneering immersive 3D graphics, networked multiplayer gaming, and support for customized additions and modifications via packaged files in a data archive known as "WADs". Its graphic and interactive violence, as well as its stanicimagery, also made it the subject of considerable controversy. In Doom, players assume the role of a space marine who must fight his way through a military base on Mars' moon, Phobos, that has been overrun with demons from hell.
Netscape Communications (formerly known as Netscape Communications Corporation and commonly known as Netscape) is a US computer services company, best known for its web browser. When it was an independent company, its headquarters were in Mountain View California. The name Netscape was a trademark of Cisco systems that was granted to the company.
Netscape's web browser was once dominant in terms of usage share, but lost most of that share to Internet Explorer during the first browser war. By the end of 2006, the usage share of Netscape browsers had fallen, from over 90% in the mid 1990s, to less than 1%. Netscape developed the secure socket layer protocol (SSL) for securing online communication, which is still widely used, as well as JavaScript, the most widely-used language for client-side scripting of web pages.
The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) was founded by Tim Berners-Lee after he left the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) in October, 1994. It was founded at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Laboratory for Computer Science (MIT/LCS) with support from the European Commission and the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), which had pioneered the Internet.
W3C was created to ensure compatibility and agreement among industry members in the adoption of new standards. Prior to its creation, incompatible versions of HTML were offered by different vendors, increasing the potential for inconsistency between web pages. The consortium was created to get all those vendors to agree on a set of core principles and components which would be supported by everyone.
It was originally intended that CERN host the European branch of W3C; however, CERN wished to focus on particle physics, not information technology. In April 1995 the Institut national de recherche en informatique et en automatique (NIARA) became the European host of W3C, with Keio University becoming the Japanese branch in September 1996. Starting in 1997, W3C created regional offices around the world; as of September 2009, it has eighteen World Offices covering Australia, the Benelux countries (Netherlands, Luxembourg, and Belgium), Brazil, China, Finland, Germany, Austria , Greece, Hong Kong, Hungary, India, Israel, Italy, South Korea, Morocco, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom and Ireland.
In January 2003, the European host was transferred from INRIA to the European Research Consortium for Informatics and Mathematics (ERCIM), an organization that represents European national computer science laboratories.
1994
Linux refers to the family of Unix-like computer operating system using the Linux kernel was introduced in 1994. Linux can be installed on a wide variety of computer hardware, ranging from mobile phone, tablet computer and video game console, to mainframe computer and supercomputer. Linux is a leading server operating system, and runs the 10 fastest supercomputers in the world.
Yahoo! Inc. is an American public company corporation with headquarters in Sunnyvale, California, (in Silicon Valley), that provides services via the Internet worldwide. The company is perhaps best known for its web portal, search engine (Yahoo! Search), Yahoo! Directory, Yahoo! Mail, Yahoo! News, Advertising, online mapping (Yahoo! Maps), video sharing (Yahoo! Video), and Social media websites and services.
Yahoo! was founded by Jerry Yang and David Filo in January 1994 and was incorporated on March 1, 1995. On January 13, 2009, Yahoo! appointed Carol Bartz, former executive chairperson of Autodesk, as its new chief executive officer and a member of the Board of directors.
Internet radio (also web radio, net radio, streaming radio, e-radio) is an audio service transmitted via the Internet. Music streaming on the Internet is usually referred to as Webcasting since it is not transmitted broadly through wireless means.
Internet radio involves Streaming media, presenting listeners with a continuous stream of audio that cannot be paused or replayed, much like traditional broadcast media; in this respect, it is distinct from on-demand file serving. Internet radio is also distinct from podcast, which involves downloading rather than streaming. Many Internet radio services are associated with a corresponding traditional (terrestrial) radio station or radio network. Internet-only radio stations are independent of such associations.
On November 7, 1994, WXYC (89.3 FM Chapel Hill, NC, US) became the first traditional radio station to announce broadcasting on the Internet. WXYC used an FM radio connected to a system at SunSite, later known as Ibiblio, running Cornell's CU-SeeMe software. WXYC had begun test broadcasts and bandwidth testing as early as August 1994.
1995
Voice over Internet Protocol (Voice over IP, VoIP) is one of a family of internet technologies, communication protocol, and transmission technologies for delivery of voice communication and multimedia sessions over Internet Protocol (IP) networks, such as the Internet. Other terms frequently encountered and often used synonymously with VoIP are IP telephony, Internet telephony, voice over broadband (VoBB), broadband telephony, and broadband phone.
The first VoIP software (Vocaltec) is released allowing end users to make voice calls over the Internet.
The first Internet Explorer was derived from Spyglass Mosaic. The original Mosaic came from NCSA, but since NCSA was a public entity it relied on Spyglass as its commercial licensing partner. Spyglass in turn delivered two versions of the Mosaic browser to Microsoft, one wholly based on the NCSA source code, and another engineered from scratch but conceptually modeled on the NCSA browser. Internet Explorer was initially built using the Spyglass, not the NCSA source code The license to Microsoft provided Spyglass (and thus NCSA) with a quarterly fee plus a percentage of Microsoft's revenues for the software.
The browser was then modified and released as Internet Explorer. Microsoft originally released Internet Explorer 1.0 in August 1995 in two packages: at retail in Microsoft Plus! add-on for Windows 95 and via the simultaneous OEM release of Windows 95.
Java is a Programming language originally developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems (which is now a subsidiary of Oracle Corporation) and released in 1995 as a core component of Sun Microsystems' Java platform. The language derives much of its Syntax from C and C++ but has a simpler Object model and fewer Low-level facilities. Java applications are typically Compiler to Java bytecode (class file) that can run on any Java Virtual Machine (JVM) regardless of computer architecture. Java is a general-purpose, concurrent, class-based, object-oriented language that is specifically designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible. It is intended to let application developers "write once, run anywhere". Java is currently one of the most popular programming languages in use, and is widely used from application software to web applications.
Windows 95 is a consumer-oriented Graphical user interface-based Operating system. It was released on August 24, 1995 by Microsoft, and was a significant progression from the company's previous Windows products. During development it was referred to as Windows 4.0 or by the internal codename Chicago.
Windows 95 integrated Microsoft's formerly separate MS-DOS and Windows products. It featured significant improvements over its predecessor, Windows 3.1x, most notably in the graphical user interface (GUI) and in its relatively simplified "plug-n-play" features. There were also major changes made at lower levels of the operating system, such as moving from a mainly 16-bit architecture to a pre-emptively multitasked 32-bit architecture.
In the marketplace, Windows 95 was a major success, and within a year or two of its release had become the most successful operating system ever produced. It also had the effect of driving other major players in the DOS-compatible operating system market out of business, something which would later be used in court against Microsoft.
Amazon.com, Inc. (NASDAQ) is a US-based multinational electronic commerce company. Headquartered in Seattle, Washington, it is the largest Online retailer in the United States, with nearly three times the Internet sales revenue of the runner up, Staples, Inc, as of January 2010.
Jeff Bezos founded Amazon.com, Inc. in 1994 and the site went online in 1995. The company was originally named Cadabra, Inc., but the name was changed when it was discovered that people sometimes heard the name as " Cadaver ". The name Amazon.com was chosen because the Amazon River is one of the largest rivers in the world and so the name suggests large size, and also in part because it starts with "A" and therefore would show up near the beginning of alphabetical lists. Amazon.com started as an online Bookstore, but soon diversified, selling DVD, CD, MP3 downloads, Computer software, Video game, Consumer electronics, apparel, furniture, food, and toys. Amazon has established separate websites in Canada, the United Kingdom, Germany, France, Italy, Japan, and China. It also provides international shipping to certain countries for some of its products.
The Pentium Pro is a sixth-generation x86 microprocessor developed and manufactured by Intel introduced in November 1995. It introduced the P6 (sometime referred as i686) and was originally intended to replace the original Pentium in a full range of applications. While the Pentium and Pentium MMX had 3.1 and 4.5 million transistor, respectively, the Pentium Pro contained 5.5 million transistors. Later, it was reduced to a more narrow role as a server and high-end desktop processor and was used in supercomputer like ASCI Red. The Pentium Pro was capable of both dual- and quad-processor configurations. It only came in one form factor, the relatively large rectangular Socket 8.
The USB is a standard for peripheral devices. A group of seven companies began development on it in 1994: Compaq, DEC, IBM, Intel, Microsoft, NEC and Nortel. The goal was to make it fundamentally easier to connect external devices to PCs by replacing the multitude of connectors at the back of PCs, addressing the usability issues of existing interfaces, and simplifying software configuration of all devices connected to USB, as well as permitting greater data rates for external devices. The first silicon for USB was made by Intel in 1995.
The original USB 1.0 specification, which was introduced in January 1996, defined data transfer rates of 1.5 /s "Low Speed" and 12 Mbit/s "Full Speed". The first widely used version of USB was 1.1, which was released in September 1998. The 12 Mbit/s data rate was intended for higher-speed devices such as disk drives, and the lower 1.5 Mbit/s rate for low data rate devices such as Joystick
My Work:
IDEA:
I am intending to create poster that indicates the events that happens in the computer world from the year 1990 to 1999.
The first poster is suppose to demonstrate the event chain in the first half of the decade (1995) and the second poster is used to show the event from 96 to the end of millennium.
The first poster is an image consisting of rows of zero and ones representing binary codes. They are arranged in a manner that resembles a highway of binary codes. The idea is to arrange the pictures or images from different events from the widest part of the highway and proceed to the end of it following the perspective lines.
The second poster is an image of PCB (printed circuit board). This is the surface that all of the electronic devices such transistors, chips … are located on. Therefore it is a well defining sample of the modern electronic and computer world. I tried to locate the image on the nodes and along the bus line of the so that it can demonstrate a timeline.
Photoshop:
First I create a new page with the dimensions of 800 by 600. Then I insert the background as a new layer and fit it to the screen by using the free transform tool (Ctrl+T). To create a moving sensation, I used the motion blur tool and adjust the blur distance to 9 with 47 degree of rotation.
The bill gates image was inserted with the same technique only a lens flare was added to it (50-300mm lens). This create a glow like sunlight reflect on the windows box.
The world wide web image was modified with the skew tool to be aligned with two line of perspective in the binary road.
I also used the drop shadow option for some of objects to create a sensation of being 3D and floating in the air.
I also used the drop shadow option for some of objects to create a sensation of being 3D and floating in the air.
The W3C logo was modified by layer style menu with outer glow.
for the scened poster the process was pretty much the same. I used a lens glare in the top corner and a lighting source on the bottom corner.
